Introduction
Our horizon as to the Old and Middle Kingdom dynasties has widened when Damien published his paper on the `Old Kingdom'. There we learn that the Old and Middle Kingdom were not separate ages but existed parallel to each other. So we read:
In the various papers we discuss at some length a revised view of the chronology of the Middle Eastern ancient world and in particular of Egypt. Applying our chronology to the Exodus explains many otherwise unsolvable historical problems. As we show that the Exodus occurred about 30-35 years after the end of the 12th Dynasty, which also has to be moved closer to our time, the background to it falls into the time of the 13th Dynasty. However, not at the time of the first rulers of this the 13th Dynasty, but at a much later period of its `existence'. The early 13th Dynasty rulers represent princes, governors and officials of Egypt whose activities began even before the start of the 12th Dynasty, during the length of the 12th Dynasty and continued on afterwards for the already mentioned 30-35 years.
According to the biblical record Moses led his people [015] at a predertimed, prophecied date out of Egypt. Even as the stars and planets in the vast orbits follow their appointed paths, God's purposes know no haste and no delay. Through the symbols of the great darkness and the smoking furnace (Gen. 15), God had revealed to Abraham the bondage of Israel in Egypt, and had declared that the time of their sojourning should be four hundred years. "Afterward," He said, "shall they come out with great substance." Genesis 15:14. Against that word, all the power of Pharaoh's proud empire battled in vain. On "the self-same day" appointed in the divine promise, "it came to pass, that all the hosts of the Lord went out from the land of Egypt." Exodus 12:41. So too in heaven's council the hour for the coming of Christ had been determined. When the great clock of time pointed to that hour, Jesus was born in Bethlehem.[016] At the time of the tenth plague, Israel was girded and ready to exit Egypt, including the non-Israelite mixed multitude/people (
Ever since Joseph's wise and gentle administration, Egyptians had become aware of the true God in heaven. When Jacob entered Egypt, the number of males, including Joseph and his two sons, was 69 - all of who would marry, have children and achieve the prostigious increase in their population (consider offspring of 8 per family). The census of the Israelites was taken twice between the Exodus and the Conquest (Ex. 30:12; Num. 1:2). The Lord God was ever so slowly working on the hearts of those who came in contact with that spirit through Joseph's influence and how it influenced the heart of the king, and the servant of the king who was responsible for the wine. Ever so slowly Satan's rule was being challenged and the enemy of all that is of God got busy to turn things his way. Satan, not knowing the end from the beginning, had his plans over the ensuing centuries turned into the very means which led to Christ's suffering and death on the cross - Satan's assurance that he would be destroyed in the end by the Son of God who came to redeem mankind.
And Moses said to Pharaoh, "Thou must give us also sacrifices and burnt offerings, that we may sacrifice unto the Lord our God. Our cattle also shall go with us; there shall not an hoof be left behind; for thereof must we take to serve the Lord our God; and we know not with what we must serve the Lord, until we come thither. But the Lord hardened Pharaoh's heart, and he would not let them go." Exodus 10:25-27 [24].
But when the 10th plague struck, all Egypt was in an uproar and pharaoh let Israel go.
The Bible tells us that the Israelites under Moses left their domestic quarters in a hurry.
The window of opportunity was short for not long after they had left Pharaoh changed his mind, called up his army and chased after them.
Israel marched night and day until they reached the other side of Sinai on the seventh day. The Bible states that no one among the people was allowed to eat leavened bread. Only unleavened bread was allowed. This way their physical well being would not be hampered by possible stomach cramps. Their march was to be without a break and its length was measured by the limitation for how long their unleavened, baked bread would be edible. Exodus 12:15-20.
Therefore, Israel traversing the Sinai Peninsula occurred within those seven days. They did not have to drive oxen pulling wagons, or find sources of water and food during those few days. Their sustenance they carried with them and the pillar of clouds protected them from the excessive heat during the day.
Leaving Egypt [025] from the Nile delta region the Israelites headed first south (Ex. 13:17-18), as shown on the map, along the shore of the modern Suez canal and then east into the desert of the Sinai peninsula to Etham at the edge of the desert on the Arabian side without ever stopping. [030] At some point in Wadi Watir (which leads toward Nuweiba Beach[032]), God told Moses:
The `turn' must have been made close to where the thinner yellow line turns north, as if to walk around the Gulf of Aqaba to Mount Sinai, but God stopped Moses and led them down that eastern Wadi toward what is called today `Nuweiba Beach', a place which must have been familiar to Moses. The walk around the Gulf would have taken much longer, but God never had that direction in mind. Already when Moses worked for Jethro, God had planned that Moses would lead his people to Mount Horeb/ Jebel al Lawz /Agar in Arabia and that the sea would part to accomplish that.[We say Mt. Sinai still because that name has been associated with the events we describe, however, the true physical Mt. Sinai has nothing to do with the Exodus, Jebel el Lawz / Mt. Horeb does.]
Where is Mount Sinai?
We may understand `... the backside of the desert' as looking from the Nile region toward the east. The desert then would refer to the Sinai Peninsula and not the western Sahara. The backside of the Sinai would then be the eastern most region up against the Gulf of Aqaba (probably on the Arabian side) and perhaps the continued rift valley up toward the Dead Sea..
"... When thou hast brought forth the people out of Egypt, ye shall serve God upon this mountain." Exodus 3:12
In the days of the apostle Paul, people still knew where Midian was located [36].
"For this Agar is mount Sinai in Arabia ..." Galatians 4:25
Pharaoh knew that from Nuweiba Beach there was no escape. He was confident that he could corner the Israelites and return them to Egypt. At first, perhaps Moses thought that he would have to lead his people by way of Ezion Geber to Jebel al Lawz. But God had plans to demonstrate his might and power. He directed for his chosen people to turn toward Nuweiba, just like Pharaoh anticipated. This `turn' occurred near where the two yellow lines fork off.
The words `out of Egypt' indicate that Israel would leave the very ground of Egypt, the Sinai Peninsula which belonged to Egypt, and be in another country.
As the satellite map shows, the mountainous terrain of the Sinai in this region allows only a narrow path toward what is known today as `Nuweiba', a sandy beach enclosed on all sides by sheer rocks. Today there is a road hugging the rocky coast going south, in ancient times it did not exist. The Sinai peninsula was Egypt in Old Kingdom times. Numerous army lookout posts doted the mountain tops and we can assume that the Egyptians had developed a system of mirror or smoke signals from mountain top station to mountain top station to pass on information to headquarters back near today's Cairo and along the length of the road, so Pharaoh knew exactly where the Israelites were. Turning back, the Israelites saw the approaching chariots of Pharaoh. Views are on file what the mountain road looks like from the vantage point of the beach.
The account of Josephus seems to fit the approaches to Nuweiba Beach and its rocky condition better than any other locality. The only escape route left was through the sea.
And so it was when the Lord commanded Moses to lift up the rod over the sea that the waters divided and created a dry path of escape for Israel (Exod. 14:22). This miracle is an indictment for all slave holders and oppressors in the world, for all those who conspire to direct human affairs according to their wants, past and present, that their wickedness is known by God and He will surely hold them accountable for all their evil deeds. Nuweiba Beach has meaning far beyond that one event taking place there so long ago. Its shadow reaches even into our time.
Numerous parallels surround these events and people related to the migration of the tribes of Israel out of Egypt and from there into the promised land. Moses was a `savior' for his people, so was (Hebr) Joshua (Grk. Jesus) shows name means the '', son of Nun, the name of which means `eternal'. Both Moses and Joshua are a type for Jesus Christ the Savior from this world of sin.
Question: What about the chariot wheels, in particular the eight spoked wheels, doesn't that proof that the Exodus took place during 18th dynasty times and the revised chronology must be in error?
Answer: Of course we know that the 18th Dynasty used such chariots. Historians can trace the use of chariots back into the Hyksos period. Does that mean that the 12th Dynasty could build pyramids but not make wheels? Are we to assume, all they could do was drag goods or use camels, which are also not represented in 12th dynasty art? That sounds nonsensical, doesn't it.
Another possibility is that, the Gulf of Aqaba at the crossing site was apparently explored to some extent down to 200 feet depth. That is quite close to shore. The deeper region, let's say about half way across, what may be found there? What does the Bible say?
The Underwater Landbridge
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The locations mentioned after the point were the Israelites crossed the parted Gulf of Aqaba are from here on out all located in today's Saudi Arabia.
In our modern days, visitors to Nuweiba Beach noticed this ancient pillar attributed to King Solomon with later writing on it in Hebrew, Greek and Syrian in memory of the great miracle of the crossing of the sea. Once the locals realized that people could read the memorial writing, they removed the pillar and today it is no longer present.
The Geological Features at Nuweiba Beach
As this depth chart shows, the submarine `landbridge' is today about 800 feet, ca. ˝ mile deep. [See correlation with Indian landbridge story.] That doesn't mean it was that deep in the days of Moses.
After the Exodus the Hyksos/Amalekites set themselves up in Egypt as the ruling class after they had overrun the country and started a period of destructions and constructions in a land whose
Following the Red Sea crossing, the Israelites had some distance to cover to reach Jebel Al Lawz. The time it took to get there was used by the Amalekites to attack the stragglers and older people in order to harass and rob them, Dt. 25:13.
Many theories and/or scenarios have been forged trying to explain `Elohim', `Yahweh' and the God (or as some have it gods) of Israel. We believe one can look at these views perhaps in 2 ways:
a) the Old Testament books portray a biased account of God which has some aspects of Canaanite origin,
Recapitulation:
When Israel moved, it always was in a very orderly fashion. Moses would say, "Rise up, Lord, and let thine enemies be scattered; and let them that hate thee flee before thee" Num. 10:35. Then three tribal armies would follow the cloud and ark. Then the Levites with their wagons to transport the various parts of the sanctuary. Three more tribal armies followed. Then came the Kohathites, bearing the sanctuary furnishings. Six tribal armies followed, protecting the rear from attack. When it was time to rest, Moses would call out, "Return, O Lord, unto the many thousands of Israel," Num. 10:36.
While a cloud by day and a pillar of fire at night watched over Israel on their sojourn, they received their supply of water from a rock near their camp. When they left the camp, the water dried up and the rock which followed them flowed with water in their next camp, this is the message we find:
"... I want you to remember this: our fathers were all under the cloud and all passed through the sea ... all drank .... from the spiritual rock that was following them. ..." 1.Cor. 10:1-4. But one time, as they pitched their camp, no water flowed anywhere. We read: "As the community had no water, they held a council against Moses and Aaron." Numbers 20:2. After 40 years (Deut. 1:3) in the desert with all those who rebelled after the return of the spies having died, Israel was to go up through Ar and the (Dead Sea?) coast of Moab, to the west of the Ammonites up to the River Arnon (Deut. 2:24) toward Jericho. - Israel had arrived at the border of the Promised Land.
Therefore, Israel had no lack of water and food when they faithfully followed the guidance of the Lord. Manna, a divine gift, was their daily, high energy food for those 40 years. Like they did not have to carry goat skins filled with water, they did not have to carry bags of food when traveling. Their time was that at the end of the 12th Dynasty in Egypt. The Amalekites just about settling themselves in the acropolises at the Nile after disengaging themselves from fighting Israel at Jebel al Lawz and walking in a sweeping bow toward the Mediterranean region of the River of Egypt and from there West toward the Nile Delta region.
Something to ponder
Since the Amalekites had evacuated Mecca, perhaps on hearing about the state of affairs in Egypt and intending to take over the weakened country, it was probably relatively safe to explore the area. It was Donald Redford who pointed out that the Hyksos, our Amalekites, had no prior cultural roots in Egypt since they destroyed those constructions which probably offended them. [100] We conclude that there was more than one location bearing that name of `Kadeshbarnea'.
In conclusion we would like to remind our readers that from ca. the time after the Exodus to the time of Saul and David, references to contemporary Egypt are not found in scripture. A check in a concordance shows that all references to Egypt in the books of Joshua, Judges and 1.Samuel are geographical references or look back on what the Egyptians did to Israel before or during the Exodus itself. This represents the biblical time span between ca. 1445 to 1023 BC, the latter year being the time when King Saul helped the Egyptians to vanquish the Amalekites.
Conversely, while there is no clue to economical contact with Egypt during this long time span, there are multiple references to Amalek or the Amalekites, of course not situating them to have governed Egypt but coming from that direction (Avaris) and repeatedly attacking locations in Palestine. Starting with Deuteronomy 25:17, where Moses reminds Israel to remember what the Amalekites did to them, there are about seven references in the book of Judges to Amalek or the Amalekites and some seventeen references to the same people in the Book of 1.Samuel. These texts talk about current affairs at the time.
The above may show that Egypt, during this time, was not governed by an economically and industrially thriving succession of Egyptian kings as we also point out Here!
The next considerations for us to comprehend the Exodus is to look into their daily physical needs. We know that God is capable to work for His people then and today in mighty ways. The Exodus account ought to help us to trust in the Lord for our daily needs, even in the time of trouble. If the average Israelite family had 5 children, there would have been about 571,400 men and women in Israel, the rest were unmarried children of various ages. The lesser food and liquid requirements for infants would have been probably offset by the higher requirements for adolescents. We therefore may consider that 1 lb. of food for all people per day in average and 5 gallons of water per day for drinking and washing may be a reasonable assumption. Since we know that each family had enough bread until they got at least to Nuweiba Beach, and that God gave them manna right after that, Ex. 16:15. We also know that water was supplied by God in a miraculous way in cooperation with the faith of Moses and the people, Ex. 17. Assuming that 1 lb. of manna per day was the daily diet for 2 million people, that translates to ca. 893 tons of manna per day, and Fridays twice as much. However, we may assume that manna was very nutritious and the quantities may vary accordingly.
Considering these physical requirements to feed a nation in a dry, inhospitable desert, we can rest assured that the Lord God knows how to take care of the needs of His people even in these last days when things get tough. Please read the scriptures which affirm this,
"Then said the Lord unto Moses, Behold, I will rain bread from heaven for you; and the people shall go out and gather a certain rate every day, that I may prove."
"And the people thirsted there for water; and the people murmured against Moses, and said, Wherefore is this that thou hast brought us up out of Egypt, to kill us and our children and our cattle with thirst?"
"Therefore being justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ: By whom also we have access by faith into this grace wherein we stand, and rejoice in hope of the glory of God. And not only so, but we glory in tribulations also: knowing that tribulation worketh patience; And patience, experience; and experience, hope: And hope maketh not ashamed; because the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost which is given unto us." Rom. 5:1-5.
We did not mention the quantity of fire wood required each day. Even though manna probably needed no further preparation for consumption, there may have been a need for hot water for various reasons.
Let us calculate the space required to house 2 million people in tents. Assuming there were 285,700 families composed of mother, father and 5 children, they would require a tent for at least 8 people. Such a tent would require at least 15 x 15 feet, 225 square feet of space. Furthermore, let us assume that 3 feet of space between tents was the average, that would allow ca. 293 tents along a 1 mile distance (5280 ft/mi
The actual arrangement of the camp is given quite differently in the Bible because each tribe occupied an allotted area around the tent of the tabernacle. Thus, the 4 square miles represent a rough estimate of what a tightly populated camp would look like, but in reality it was more spacious.
God's power was displayed on Sinai in a mighty way, but hidden within the dark clouds and the smoke were thousands of angels witnessing the giving of the Law of God to Israel. We read, "The Lord ... came with ten thousands of saints: from his right hand went a fiery law for them."[120] "... we also are compassed with a cloud of witnesses . . . Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith; who . . . is set down at the right hand of the throne of God . . . For you are not come unto the mount that might be touched, and that burned with fire, not unto blackness, and darkness, and tempest. And the sound of a trumpet, and the voice of words . . . And so terrible was the sight, that Moses said, I exceedingly fear and quake . . . But you are come unto mount Sion, and unto the city of the living God . . . to an innumerable company of angels." Deut. 33:2; Hebr. 12:1,2,18-22. In other words, where God performs an important work with respect to salvation history the angels, which throng the throne of God, certainly would be also present. The Psalmist calls out, "Bless the Lord, ye his angels, that excel in strength, that do his commandments, hearkening unto the voice of his word." Ps. 103:20. If the angels keep God's Law, how much more should we rectify the theological and sectarian errors of centuries and keep His Law as it reads! Such a move would bring God's blessings to His faithful people.
God led His people, whom He calls "the church in the wilderness . . ."
But what happened really? Moses was up on the mountain for a long time. The Lord gave him some other instructions (explanations of these commands), and he was there 40 days and nights. Then we read,
If you will read the preceding verses and the 9th chapter of Deuteronomy along with this, you will find that while Moses was gone during those 40 days, people had entirely turned around, gone back on their promises, and fallen into idolatry. The Book of Exodus tells us that when God spoke the commandments, the people heard His voice and promised to keep them forever. Then God called Moses up into the mountain to give him a written copy which was to be the standard of all their life, but while he was gone, the people went back on their public promise with a public apostasy. And Aaron, younger brother of Moses, (Miriam [145], a sister of Moses) made a big collection of jewelry, not for foreign mission - he did not collect it to be used in the service of the true God who stood up on the mount right before them - but the women brought in their earrings and metal looking glasses (mirrors), and they were melted down and made into an image of the Egyptian sacred bull, an Apis like bull, called here a calf.
What happened? Let us go back to Exodus 32. When Moses and Joshua came down from the mount,
From all that gold they had managed to make a small golden calf. And Moses took it, burned it in the fire and ground it to powder, and spread it over some water and made the people of Israel drink the water, Ex. 32:19,20.
What did he do? How can you grind up gold into powder? The old gold miners out here in California could do that too. They made gold dust. Gold always goes to the bottom in water. But there is a way to make an emulsion of gold and water. You burn the gold just right until it is melted. Then you agitate it violently, grind it into fine powder and mix it with water; and many times it will make an emulsion. Someone in the United States did that one time, and the emulsion looked exactly like blood. Possibly that is what they drank.[150]
Moses had the tables of stone with the words of God written on them, the divine law. But what really caused the breaking of the Law of God on this day?
Moses and Joshua saw them dancing around the golden calf. Lets read something,
And the Lord said to Moses, "Let Me smite them, let Me blot out their name." Deuteronomy 9:14. But Moses prayed for them. He pleaded, "Lord, remember Thy name among the nations." And the mount burned with fire (God was still present), displaying the wrath of God. Moses then, in shameful anger for his people, cast the broken law and break the tablets on the rocks below. He tells Israel then of his fasting for a long time before God for their sins.
So what was it then that really broke the law? Was it Moses throwing them publicly onto the rocks?
What really broke the Tables of the Law of God were the sins of the people. Had Israel not sinned, this would not have happened.
But the Law of God was only written on tables of stone. The people had not written God's law into their hearts. They had not yet learned to really love the Lord - even though he led them out from slavery - hard labour. They were still children in comprehension what it means to be redeemed from affliction and sin. They suffered for their mistake because they were not ignorant of the real presence of God, an event none of us has ever seen. It was a gospel to them, or should have been. They could have spent the 40 days memorizing God's law and thus writing it into their hearts. The men to their wives and the wives to their children. The Decalogue was to be the basis of the eternal covenant, Hebr. 8:10. Instead they thought back on Egypt. They could have sought and prayed, `God, show us more of Thy grace and goodness.' They had no wants. Not really. Did they really want to live in those crowded workers villages of Egypt again? Was that better than in a tent? Hey, all campers. You rather live in a dark mud house or in a tent?
Yes, sin was right at the door step of their hearts. - I once read of a lady who was worried about her spiritual condition; she couldn't understand how God could forgive her sins. An old pastor told her to read Isaiah 53. He told her, when she came to the 5th verse to substitute the first person singular pronoun for the plural form, and then, when she got through reading the chapter, to see if she could understand then how God could forgive her sins. "But He was wounded for my transgressions, He was bruised for my iniquities: the chastisement of my peace was upon Him ..." Then she stopped, and a wonderful light came into her eyes as she read, "... and with His stripes I am healed."
That is it! When Jesus died of a broken heart, it was the sins of the world, mine and yours, that killed Him. Is that not true? Does the Bible not say that in 1.John 2:2 that Jesus died for the sins of the whole world? Yes, it does.
Our sins, those of each one of us, broke the heart of God.
And Jesus died that death from which there is no resurrection so that we don't have to die that death.
After Moses broke the tables of the law on which God Himself had written His law, Moses picked up the broken pieces, measured them and made new tables and God's finger wrote on them once more His eternal law, Deuteronomy 10:1-5.
Each one of us needs to come to the Rock, Jesus, to have our hearts broken at His feet and see what great salvation He gives us. Redemption from certain death. The death that hangs over all who choose not to want to be part of God's kingdom. But God says, `Why do you want to die?'
There is no reason for choosing that option. There is nothing this world can give that transcends what God has in store for those who really love Him.
Whenever God gave Israel a new hope or understanding, He also tested them so they would know the limits of their own heart and turn to God for their strength in everything, for everything Israel received, it was God who gave it to them. We read,
These promises, and such a helping hand, is still available for us today. He split the rock and water came forth in a wide, river like stream, Ps. 78:14-25. - We should know that God is not playing cat and mouse with us. He would never do that. Satan draws such pictures of God in our sin debased minds, God wants us to dwell on Him.
"Satan is exultant when he can lead the children of God into unbelief and despondency. He delights to see us mistrusting God, doubting His willingness and power to save us. He loves to have us feel that the Lord will do us harm by His providences. It is the work of Satan to represent the Lord as lacking in compassion and pity. He misstates the truth in regard to Him. He fills the imagination with false ideas concerning God; and instead of dwelling upon the truth in regard to our heavenly Father, we too often fix our minds upon the misrepresentations of Satan and dishonor God by distrusting Him and murmuring against Him. Satan ever seeks to make the religious life one of gloom. He desires it to appear toilsome and difficult; and when the Christian presents in his own life this view of religion, he is, through his unbelief, seconding the falsehood of Satan." {SC, 116.2}
For 40 years Israel had manna and water, the cloud by day and the pillar of fire by night, their shoes and clothes did not wear out (Deut. 29: 5,6; Neh. 9:21), they did not get sick and never lacked anything life requires - yet they murmured and fostered unbelief nevertheless. The fear of death in the desert seemed to close their minds to all the wonderful leading. When fear of death becomes our principal motive, we can see nothing else that can save us; we retreat in isolation. The same problems Israel had in the desert, Judah had in the days of Christ, and we have them today. The situation is described this way,
"In the carrying forward of his work in the earth, and the manifestation of his power, God does not consult the will or imperfect judgment of men. His plans and methods may be directly opposite to those approved by human wisdom. If men would criticise and condemn the Saviour's work, when they had such evidence of divine power as the miracle at Bethesda (Jh. 5), can we wonder that they criticise and condemn those through whom he works today? Unbelief will always find an excuse for its existence. God designs that men shall believe, not because there is no possibility of doubt, but because there is abundant evidence for faith. Christ bade the Pharisees, "Search the Scriptures, for in them ye think ye have eternal life, and they are they which testify of me." The Jewish teachers professed to be expounders of God's word; but had they prayerfully studied and rightly understood its teachings, they would not have substituted their own traditions for the law of Jehovah." {ST, June 8, 1882 par. 12}
The nation of Israel saw their conflicts repeatedly as if they were with Moses. But Moses was their leader chosen by God, therefore, ultimately their conflicts were not with Moses but with God. That is why we ought to remember the words where it says,
Unbelief causes the transgression of the law. "From the beginning of sin Christ was with his people to dispute the authority of Satan; for he saw that the conflict must be carried on here in the earth. Satan withstood the Son of God in every effort to redeem his people. Enshrouded in the pillar of cloud by day and in the pillar of fire by night, Christ directed, guided, counseled the children of Israel in their journeyings from Egypt to Canaan. But how unwilling were the children of Israel to be led, how unwilling to be controlled by the voice of the Angel of the Lord! How eager they were in vindicating their own course, in justifying themselves in their rebellious feelings, and to follow their own ideas and plans!" {ST, April 25, 1895 par. 1}
That is why the great controversy between Christ and Satan still rages in hour hearts when we ask, "Is the Lord among us or not?" Ex. 17:7. In the end, sin brings death, but when sin is conquered, death loses its power.
"And the Egyptians made the children of Israel to serve with rigour: And they made their lives bitter with hard bondage, in morter, and in brick, and in all manner of service, wherein they made them serve, with rigour."
Exodus 1:13-14 [10]
And so it is that the Exodus brought on the end of the Pyramid Age when the Israelite work-force left the land of their servitude as already pointed out by Dr. Ewald Metzler. We invite our visitors to keep these connections in mind when reading this short account.
The historicity of The Biblical Exodus has long been a subject of discussion among interested people. While we have no space to repeat the various views we can present a number of reasons why the Exodus event, or legend as some would describe it, is so difficult to pinpoint in the pages of Egyptian history. Of course the primary reason for that situation is chronology. Since the majority of people subscribe to the conventional scenario for the sequence of the Egyptian Dynasties, it is no wonder that they cannot locate an event such as the Exodus on the BC time scale.[12]
Exodus 12: 37, 38) followed along, indicating that, indeed, Egypt at this time was not a favorable land to live in. This "rabble", as some had called it, or mixed multitude/mingled people we find mentioned again in Ezekiel 30:4, 5; Jeremiah 25: 19. [020]
Long Time Periods
These dates are key dates to determine other longer range dates like the following: According to the scriptural record, the Exodus also took place at the exact appointed time stated to Abraham, Genesis 15:13. We read, and God said unto Abram, "know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs, and shall serve them; and they shall afflict them 400 years." Please notice the exact wording, the promise, the 400 years, do not begin until there was a proper seed from Abraham, namely when Isaac was weaned at age five, Gen. 21:8. As to chronology, the period after the promise to Abraham when he was 75 yrs old, as viewed by Paul (Gal. 3:17), until to the giving of the law on Sinai, is given as 430 years. The 400 years can only be derived, and scripture - between what God says and what Paul says - seen to agree, when we use the time after Isaac was born, and he was weaned at age five (Gen 21:8) (when Abraham was 105 yrs of age), to the giving of the law at Sinai, which then calculates to 400 years, Gen. 15:13 (1845 - 400 = 1445). [22] Thus the 400 and 430 year periods do not contradict each other. The time frame would be between 1875 and 1445 BC, 430 years. Accordingly Abraham lived between 1950-1775 BC, 175 years, Gen. 25:7.
Explaining another aspect, Genesis 15:13 mentions the 400 years of affliction leaving it unsaid that this would mean only the last portion of these 400 years.
Through the symbols of the great darkness and the smoking furnace, God had revealed to Abraham the bondage of Israel in Egypt, and had declared that the time of their sojourning should be four hundred years. "Afterward", He said, "shall they come out with great substance." Gen. 15:14. As the eventual freedom of Israel from the land of their oppression was foretold, so too the learned apostle Paul observed, against that word, all the power of Pharaoh's proud empire battled in vain and similarly should Christ be serving his people on that exact date predicted in the scriptures. On "the self-same day" appointed in the divine promise, "it came to pass, that all the hosts of the Lord went out from the land of Egypt." Ex. 12:41; Galatians 4: 4, 5; Daniel 9.
Still in Egypt
Why did Egypt through Pharaoh treat Israel so terribly? Just because their population multiplied so rapidly, Ex. 1:7?
"And it came to pass that at midnight the Lord smote all the firstborn ... And Pharaoh rose up in the night, he, and all his servants, and all the Egyptians ... And he called for Moses and Aaron by night and said, Rise up, and get you forth from among my people ... And the Egyptians were urgent upon the people that they might send them out of the land in haste ... " Exodus 12:29-33
But Israel had an advantage for God led them by a pillar of clouds in day time, acting like an air conditioner so to speak and a pillar of fire at night, to provide light and warmth, so they would loose no time but get to a point where their deliverance would occur. (Ex. 13:21)
"Speak unto the children of Israel that they turn and encamp before Pihahiroth, between Migdol and the sea..." Exodus 14:2
Here is the biblical record:
"... Moses fled from the face of Pharaoh and dwellt in the land of Midian ..." Exodus 2:15
"Now Moses kept the flock of Jethro his father in law, the priest of Midian: and he led the flock to the backside of the desert, and came to the mountain of God, even to Horeb." Exodus 3:1
"God led them not through the way of the land of the Philistines, although that was near ... but ... led the people about, through the way of the wilderness of the Red Sea ... turn and encamp before Pi-ha-hi-roth between Migdal and the sea, over against Baalzephon: before it ye shall encamp by the sea. ... For Pharaoh will say of the children of Israel, They are entangled in the land, the wilderness has shut them in."
Ex. 13:18-20; 14:2-3
"... wherefore hast thou dealt thus with us, to carry us forth out of Egypt?"
Exodus 14:11
"... the Egyptians pursued after them, all the horses and chariots of Pharaoh ... and overtook them encamping by the sea, beside Pi-ha-hi-roth, before Baal-zephon ... And the pillar of clouds came between the camp of Israel: and it was a cloud and darkness to them ..."Ex. 14:9,20
These places did not figure again in the experience of Israel for they left them behind, on the western side of the Red Sea [38], in Egypt. Josephus presents the Exodus account this way:
"Now when the Egyptians had overtaken the Hebrews, they prepared to fight them, and by their multitude they drove them into a narrow place ... They also seized on the passages by which they imagined the Hebrews might fly, shutting them up between inaccessible precipices and the sea; for there was on each side a ridge of mountains that terminated at the sea, which were impassable by reason of their roughness, and obstructed their flight." [040]
We believe in this case the absence of direct evidence is not proof they didn't exist before the Hyksos/ Amalekite period. The further back in time one goes, the less perishable goods are found. Once well working models have been designed, they could be used for hundreds of years that way. The 4, 6 and 8 spokes in chariot wheels could have been produced during all this time. Why, should they use 3, 5, or 7 spokes in earlier times? No, such odd spoked wheels would be quite a bit harder to produce.
"And the children of Israel went into the midst of the sea upon the dry ground: and the waters were a wall unto them on their right hand, and on their left. And the Egyptians pursued, and went in after them to the midst of the sea, even all Pharaoh's horses, his chariots, and his horsemen. And it came to pass, that in the morning watch the Lord looked unto the host of the Egyptians through the pillar of fire and of the cloud, and troubled the host of the Egyptians, and took off their chariot wheels, that they drave them heavily ... And the Lord said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand over the sea, that the waters may come again ... and the sea returned to his strength when the morning appeared; and the Egyptians fled against it; and the Lord overthrew the Egyptians in the midst of the sea. And the waters returned and covered the chariots, and the horsemen, and all the host of Pharaoh ... there remained not so much as one of them. ... and Israel saw the Egyptians dead upon the sea shore."
Exodus 14:22-30
That Israel was able to walk on dry ground across the Red Sea underscores the fact that they walked across on an elevated path which allowed all the water to run off on its sides. If the current depth of the top grade of the land bridge between the Sinai and the Arabian side approximates the depth ca. 3450 years ago, the water was in the middle about ˝ km deep. A wall of water on the right and left crashing down upon the Egyptian army must have had the devastating force of a tsunami or worse. As the highlighted text shows, the sheer weight of the water would have destroyed anything in its path and caused a swirling cauldron since the sea crashed down on them from both sides and swept any loose parts away. While any heavy parts sank into the swirling sand, a good number of the bodies would float ashore. The scene as described, underscores the obvious, that the force of the water was cataclysmic and no object in its path stood a chance to remain intact. While portions of this land bridge may have looked driveable to the Egyptians, further away from shore must have been rocks and corrals which the Lord used to `take off' the wheels. Finding, what were judged to be 18th dynasty chariot wheels, if that is their true period of manufacture, on this ridge, this writer finds it difficult to see that they are those of the chariots of the pharaoh of the Exodus but must have accumulated there at later times during quieter water conditions.
Nuweiba Beach experienced no doubt quite a bit of erosion and
saw in succeeding centuries many Egyptian vessels transporting all kinds of merchandise to where ever there was a market. We know Solomon purchased horses and chariots from Egypt. They could reach Ezion Geber quite easily from there. Can we assume that perhaps over centuries a few vessels loaded with wheels sank just offshore? If so, that could also account for 18th dynasty wheels at the site. In another scenario, worn out wheels could have just been thrown in the water too. What we suggest is, that the sampling and more exact dating may, as yet, not be enough to come to a conclusion.
Their next major stop was at Mount Sinai, today's blackened top of `Jebel el Lawz' [050] which exhibits many rock formations and archaeological features which could allow for its identity as Mt. Sinai.
Since the distance to the Saudi side is ca. 7 miles, that would make the incline just a little less than 9 degrees over a distance of 3.5 miles, assuming that the deepest part was in the middle between Sinai and Arabia and the angle smooth. However it appears that the deepest point is closer to the Arabian side. If the majority of Pharaoh's army drowned closer to the Arabian side, and depending how wide the `landbridge' was, many remains, in time, would probably have been swept into the very deep channels of Aqaba, especially if tectonic action caused any underwater landslides on the `landbridge'. But such factors depend also on the geological features of the `landbridge' none of which are known to us at this time.
army and pharaoh had died in an effort to force the fleeing Israelites back to their slave duties in Egypt. It was a time of much confusion and lack of records of any kind (except scarabs) in Egypt itself. While we shall not present the evidence in this particular paper since that is presented elsewhere on this website, we just wanted to point out that the evidence from secular sources is meager indeed and probably always will remain so, but our revision of the illustrious 18th Dynasty and its contemporaries throughout the region is a forceful testimony to the fact that modern historians have put up a false historical background to the entire regional history. The biblical account of the Exodus is an absolutely trustworthy account whose memory was being repeated over and over again to the people. It lacks the fanciful, often ludicrous conventions of real legendary stories and makes a mockery of ancient history when it comes to accepting the Hebrew scriptures known to us as the Bible. Once an erroneous chronology has started to assign periods to its artifacts and is being used as a measuring tool for the ancient past, it becomes an institutionalized systematic, erroneous historical account propagating itself despite their best efforts to be accurate. 
b) the real God was a more complex Godhead arrangement and people misconstrued and worshipped their own biased imaginations - not following the blueprint so to speak God had intended for them. According to this view the purer religion is the one God wanted advanced not that religion which followed sinful paths. But people soon misunderstood. It is a mistake to measure Israel's intended purer faith by pagan, corrupted concepts of God and gods.
Above it all is the Creator God, Yahweh, who is to be worshipped by faith alone not bound to figures of stone, wood or metal. Among all the information: biblical as well as historical, we are to try and discern the true, Almighty Creator God and how he worked for men and women throughout the ages to draw them to Him, the Source of Life. Is it like seeing the roses among all the thorns or is it like, starting with a corrupt mind, only thistles and brambles can be seen? The problem is with our mind, our thinking, our sinfulness. [For a few pages of reading material relevant to our time, truly a brief time before His Second Coming, and how God can save us from this world of sin, click here.]
Red line: Israel's route out of Egypt to the Arabian Sinai. After the demise of the Egyptian army in the Red Sea, Israel could migrate at a slower pace. Leaving the Arabian side of the shore of the Red Sea, Israel arrived at Marah, then came to Elim, the Wilderness of Sin and from there to Rephidim, where they fought against the Amalekites, just before they got to Mt. Sinai. We understand that the valley of the battle between Amalek and Israel was located some 30 miles distance from Jebel el Lawz for Israel moved around this region for a length of time before the event of the proclamation of the Law of God from the mount.. These distances from one location to the other may have been shorter and not in a direct, straight line to Mt. Sinai - after all, this was Moses backyard for 40 years as a shepherd. That is where Moses was retrained so God could use him. That is where Moses learned meekness (Num. 12:3) - the willingness to be taught of God.
Yellow line: Hyksos-Amalekites probably fleeing or migrating out of the region of Mecca from the after effects of the disasters of the Ten Plagues in Egypt (which probably affected a larger region) and having heard of the conditions in Egypt decided to invade and take over the country. To do so, they had to march toward the tip of Aqaba and from there to Egypt [70].
God led Israel a shorter route through the Red Sea of Aqaba toward the Arabian Mt. Horeb/Sinai, where they had an encounter with the fleeing Amalekite/Hyksos on their way to around the Gulf of Aqaba to Egypt.
It was Josephus who had information which led him to think that the Hyksos were from Arabia:
"... the first syllable Hyc, according to the sacred dialect denotes a king, as is Sos, a Shepherd ... and of these is compounded Hycsos: but some say that these people were Arabians." [Josephus, Against Apion, Book I, Sec. 14.]
There was no need for the miraculous water to which they had so matter of fact gotten used to. But they complained.
This account of Israel leaving the land of their servitude represents a logical sequence which explains satisfactorily how the Arabians/ Hyksos/ Amalekites could 
meet Israel at Mt. Sinai [90]. If Mt. Sinai was the traditional Mt. Sinai of the Egyptian penisula, why would they have gone there and risk a battle with Israel for relatively meager winnings? At the same time this scenario explains how Mecca and Medina became holy places. We conclude then that Velikovsky was correct in considering the territory of Mecca and Medina to have been a `Kadeshbarnea' where some of the Israelites might have spent some time while the rest of Israel settled further north for 40 years. The journey from Sinai to Kadesh-Barnea was eleven days (Dt. 1:2; Map; ca. 250 km). Actually walking from Jebel al Lawz to Kadesh Barnea was easier than from the traditional Mt. Sinai because from Eilat they could follow the rift valley past today's Petra until they got to the place where they crossed over the mountains into the desert of Zin. Also, we may venture to suggest that Moses leading his people to Kadesh-Barnea may not necessarily mean to downtown Kadesh-Barnea, it could also mean the borders of it.
The Physical Evaluation of the Exodus Event
Assuming that 2 million Israelites left Egypt who had to cross the Red Sea within a single day, could such a feat be accomplished at Nuweiba Beach? Looking at the Admirality map shows that the underwater landbridge may have been quite wide, perhaps at least 3 miles of walkable surface. This would allow 5,000 people to walk abreast in 400 rows to cross in the approximate allowable time. Each person had about 1.28 yards square of space to walk in. They would have been a crowd of people 3 miles wide and ca. 0.3 miles to the rear. [If the numbers were different, just change them accordingly. Try including lifestock.]
"O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, thou that killest the prophets, and stonest them which are sent unto thee, how often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings, and ye would not!"
Mt. 23:37.
"And when the dew that lay was gone up, behold, upon the face of the wilderness there lay a small round thing, as small as the hoar frost on the ground. And when the children of Israel saw it, they said one to another, It is manna: for they wist not what it was. And Moses said unto them, This is the bread which the Lord hath given you to eat."
"And he said unto them, This is that which the Lord hath said, To morrow is the rest of the holy sabbath unto the Lord: bake that which ye will bake to day, and see the that ye will seethe; and that which remaineth over lay up for you to be kept until the morning." Ex. 16:4,14-15, 23.
"Behold, I will stand before thee there upon the rock in Horeb; and thou shalt smite the rock, and there shall come water out of it, that the people may drink. And Moses did so in the sight of the elders of Israel." Ex. 17:3,6.
18 = 293), and 293 x 293 = 85,849 tents/families per square mile which would house 600,943 people (# families x 5). 
Thus about 4 square miles should be able to house 2 million in, admittedly, tight quarters even though we allow some extra space. While this is a tightly packed arrangement, remember that as slaves they probably lived in even more congested workers villages in Egypt. How Israel handled latrines, we have no information on, but certain units of tents must have required adequate latrines a distance from the camp. This possibly would vary the number of family tents per square mile somewhat. Despite these arrangements, the health of the people was excellent for we have no indication of rampant diseases due to tight living quarters. The Lord gave them laws of washings, without the people realizing how this would help the overall health of the nation if diligently obeyed.
What happened at Sinai? - The Significance of Sinai
"And the Lord said unto Moses, Come up to me into the mount, and be there: and I will give thee tables of stone, and a law, and commandments which I have written; that thou mayest teach them."
Exodus 24:12.
We read here of `tables', `law' and `commandments' - all three are steps God gave to Moses which teach of Him. Moses was commanded of God to come up into the mount, where the Lord would give him a law and commandments written by God on tables of stone. [See covenant explained] Moses was to take these commandments down from the mountain and teach them to the people. They were to be placed in the holy ark of the tabernacle and to be the center of Israel's worship for His Law represents the Character of God and we should not look upon them merely as codified prohibitions as we explain here.
"And Moses turned, and went down from the mount, and the two tables of the testimony were in his hand: the tables were written on both their sides; on the one side and on the other were they written.
And the tables were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, graven upon the tables.
And when Joshua heard the noise of the people as they shouted, he said unto Moses, There is a noise of war in the camp."
Exodus 32:15-17.
And they began to worship that heathen idol which they had known in Egypt, and they danced around it with the lascivious dances of pagan worship. While Moses was coming down from the mount with the holy law of God in his hands, the people were breaking the very first commandment of the law which they had heard God speak to them just over a month before - "Thou shalt have no other gods before Me." They were breaking the second commandment also - "Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image." They broke all these commandments right there. They were bowing down to an idol and breaking them all. It was a nation publicly defying God with those flagrant sins. They had to learn that, when we sin against a neighbor, we sin against God since we are God's by creation and redemption, Numb. 5:6; 1.Cor. 6:19,20, Acts 17:28. Sin separates a person from the sense of God's presence. It is hard to have a prayer life when sinning even sins we might consider to be small. When an Israelite wronged someone they were to confess and make restitution, Numb. 5:6-8. That is how we should treat each other.
Joshua heard what sounded to him like the noise of war in the camp. But to Moses it sounded not like the noise of some who had achieved (mastered) something, or of crying for being overcome. It sounded to him like singing. . . . The people were singing pagan songs while worshipping the golden calf.
"And the Lord said unto me, Arise, get thee down quickly from hence; for thy people which thou hast brought forth out of Egypt have corrupted themselves; they are quickly turned aside out of the way which I commanded them; they have made them a molten image."
Deuteronomy 9:12.
He was remorseful, thinking may be he didn't pastor them right. But the anger of the Lord was then turned away from Israel because Moses had interceded for God's chosen people, like Jesus does. So Moses was a picture of what Jesus would do when He came.
"And
(Thou God) madest known unto them thy holy sabbath, and commandedst them precepts, statutes, and laws, by the hand of Moses thy servant:
And (Thou God) gavest them bread from heaven for their hunger, and broughtest forth water for them out of the rock for their thirst, and promisedst them that they should go in to possess the land which thou hadst sworn to give them." Neh. 9:14,15.
"And when he is come, he will reprove the world of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment:
Of sin, because they believe not on me."
Jh. 16:8,9.
Moses wrote, "Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burn for burn, wound for wound, bruise for bruise." Ex. 21:24,25.
But Jesus said, "Ye have heard that it hath been said, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth: But I say unto you, That ye resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also." Matth. 5:38,39.
Does this mean that the OT encourages standards of behavior not as elevated as those of the NT? Shouldn't we know that the OT is just as sublime a revelation of God as is the NT and the two complement each other? If so, how should we explain it?
As it often happens with popular Biblical passages, the expression "eye for eye, tooth for tooth" is frequently quoted by people who have never read or studied the statement as it appears in the Bible itself. Accordingly, they tend to ascribe a meaning to it that may not have been intended by its author. It is generally used to justify retaliation in kind for physical injuries and other types of social violence.
We find this expression three times in the writings of Moses, Ex. 21:22-25; Lev. 24:19,20; Dt. 19:18-21. Please look them up.
On the other hand, in the gospel of Matthew he records the way Jesus interpreted the phrase for His contemporaries during a sermon in Galilee, saying,
"Ye have heard that it hath been said, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth:
Mt. 5:38-41.
But I say unto you, That ye resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also.
And if any man will sue thee at the law, and take away thy coat, let him have [thy] cloak also.
And whosoever shall compel thee to go a mile, go with him twain."
On the surface it seems that Jesus contradicts what Moses wrote since He opposes any sort of retaliation. But notice, before He offered His interpretation of this and other teachings from the books of Moses, Christ was careful to assert that the interpretation He would give did not in any way change what the original statements were intended to teach. How did Jesus do this? He said,
"Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil.
Mt. 5:17,18.
For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled."
So we must study this more carefully. Two arguments have been suggested to explain these scriptures.
A) These three passages from Moses referenced above represent only one aspect of a number of inducements to repentant behavior found throughout his writings and the rest of the Bible.
B) The peculiar phrasing is a figure of speech favored by Moses, and is meant to emphasize equality in the administration of justice, rather than judicial retaliation in kind.
In a variety of statements the inspired writers of the Bible indicate that their goal in writing is to lead sinners to reconciliation with their Creator.
Here are typical examples.
- To foster the knowledge of God and generate love for Him, Dt. 6:4-6.
- To provide a means by which God can re-create holiness in sinners, John 17:17.
- To generate increasing faith in God, Rom. 10:13-17.
- To sustain the holy lifestyle of those who choose to repent, Ps. 119:9-11; 2.Tim. 3:16,17.
To accomplish the above goals and reach the varied temperaments of people, the biblical authors were inspired to use a range of methods. Their literature includes threats of the dire consequences of continued inappropriate attitudes and actions, as well as appeals that set out the temporary and eternal rewards for living the principle of love. This pattern is found throughout the Bible and was used by Christ Himself.
Notice the following:
- Inducements to love and faith, Lk. 10:25-28; Mt. 5:3-10.
- Promises of reward for accepting repentance and conversion, John 3:16; Lk. 2:32-34.
- Threats against intransigent unrepentant living, Mt. 13:41-43; Mk. 6:11; Lk. 12:47.
Jesus included a threat of consequences when He appealed to the man whose paralysis He had healed at Bethesda to discontinue his sinning, John 5:14. However, when He rescued a woman from the clutches of her own sinfulness and the self-righteous cruelty of her accusers, there was no threat of consequences as He encouraged her to stop her life of sin, John 8:10,11. Christ was obviously impressed that the two cases were different and called for different approaches.
The passages in which the "eye for eye" phrase occurs use the threat of judicial action on the part of the community as a deterrent to violence for those who would respond positively to such inducement. Those who may want to be violent are warned that the community will punish them with severity appropriate to their action. It should be noted also that the response is judicial (involving the whole community). It was not personal retaliation.
But in the attempt to eradicate violence from the society, the writings of Moses contain just as many passages that would be appealing to other personality types. In Exodus 23:1-8, for example, the people are admonished (among other things) to "not follow a crowd to do evil"; to rescue straying animals of one's neighbor; and to not pervert justice for the poor. In Numbers 5:5-8 they are encouraged to seek reconciliation through admission of faults and interpersonal forgiveness, rather than appealing to judicial arbitration. In Exodus 23:1-9, they are encouraged to respond to the hostility of others with kindness.
A careful review of Jesus' words reveals that He used a comprehensive knowledge of the writings of Moses to establish that Moses did not teach that vengeful retaliation was acceptable to God.
We notice therefore that the division of the Bible into chapters and verses, as helpful as it is many times - and we could hardly function without it today it seems, when it comes to Bible knowledge, our and others knowledge is largely based on individual verses and short passages, not or rarely on thorough contextual knowledge of the whole book or books. In olden times people knew more of the whole book.
Abundant mercy is promised to the repentant throughout the Bible. The Lord's mercy toward humans and that of His children to one another is the theme of numerous biblical accounts. God revealed Himself to Moses as one who abounds in mercy to the penitent, Ex. 34:6-8.
Mercy is at the zenith of the system of confession and sacrifices by which the Israelites were taught to worship. The tablets with the Ten Commandments that God Himself wrote on stone were covered in an ark and placed under the mercy seat in the tabernacle sanctuary, thus symbolizing their muted jurisdiction over the penitent.
At times these commandments are displayed and promoted in contemporary society in a manner that suggests that some do not appreciate the fact that no human but Christ can stand their divine scrutiny - apart from God's mercy. Moses was teaching that those who ignored repentance and reconciliation at the personal level exposed themselves to the same unmitigated response of the law on earth as in heaven. Personal reconciliation was recommended over judicial arbitration.
Said Jesus,
"Agree with thine adversary quickly, whiles thou art in the way with him; lest at any time the adversary deliver thee to the judge, and the judge deliver thee to the officer, and thou be cast into prison.
Matth. 5:25,26.
Verily I say unto thee, Thou shalt by no means come out thence, till thou hast paid the uttermost farthing."
One More Look at Moses' Three Statements
When the three statements from Moses are carefully studied, the "eye for eye" statement (and similar references) may be seen as forceful figures of speech used by him to express the idea of equality in the administration of justice. The punishment must fit the crime. There must be equal protection and exposure for everyone under the law, regardless of status.
The reference in Exodus comes in a situation where fighting causes contact with a pregnant woman that results in a premature birth or a miscarriage. Clearly the emphasis is on appropriate restitution. "Tooth for tooth" and "burn for burn" are quite unlikely under those circumstances.
In Leviticus the issue is whether the punishment for blasphemy within the community is applicable to one who is not fully Israelite. The matter was taken to the highest level of appeal and the Lord directed Moses to include the concept of appropriate punishment for all who dwelt in the community.
Everyone was to be protected by, and exposed to, the jurisdiction of the law. "You shall have the same law for the stranger and for one from your own country; for I am the Lord your God." Lev. 24:22.
The wording used in Deuteronomy comes in the context of the attempt to hurt someone by false criminal accusations. It states that the punishment should be whatever was intended for the one falsely accused. Again, the emphasis is on matching the punishment to the crime.
One more item. Even though the Bible should not be expected to record all the deeds of the community during the long period of history it covers, the fact that it contains no examples of justice applied by gouging out eyes, knocking out teeth, and hacking off limbs constitutes strong evidence that the words of Moses were understood as figurative, rather than literal.
Christ asserted that the "eye for eye" statements should not be construed as meaning that retaliation and revenge are acceptable. And in so doing, He was in perfect harmony with the teachings of Moses and the prophets. [200]
The man Joshua appears suddenly in the Biblical record in Exodus 17:9. We have no introduction or account about his person. But his name bears a relationship to Jesus and so does his entire life. Joshua was the man chosen by God to lead His people Israel into the Promised Land after Moses had died. The account of this we find in the first chapter of the Bible book bearing his name, Joshua chapter 1.
The crossing of the Jordan is a symbol for death, spiritual death to sin. When people die, like it happened to Moses, a new chapter for the life of the survivors starts. So it is today. When someone in the family dies, seek the Lord for guidance and take courage, for a new, untried life is just before you. Be like Joshua who never committed sins that would have separated him from the Lord. As he got Israel ready to cross the Jordan River at a time when the spring melt waters flushed down from the heights of Mt. Hermon, a trip starting from ca. 9000 feet (2700 m) to 1300 feet (390 m) below sea level; while it was not a large river, the volume of water gushing down could be intimidating. Meanwhile the people from Jericho could see Israel congregating on the eastern shore of Jordan. They could see the pillar of clouds by day and the pillar of fire at night. They knew exactly that changes for their way of life were in the air. They felt paralyzed to do anything about it. Not knowing the Lord, their way of thinking did not prepare them for anything that they were to witness. So it is today. People know these Bible accounts, but they relegate them into myths and tales, not knowing that accurate history is presented designed to draw our attention to them for there are life saving lessons contained in them.
The Lord told Joshua to be strong and courageous. That means he was telling him to be a leader like Moses was. Joshua knew the Lord was with him as long as he kept the commandments of God and modeled them for his people.
Joshua, the son of the `eternal' (Nun), thought it wise to send two spies or witnesses, to reconnoiter the state of affairs on the other side of Jordan. These two represent the Word of God, the Old and New Testament. They took shelter in the house of Rahab, the local inn keeper. As they sat and listened, the locals realized that these two were not from among them and demanded Rahab to hand them over. But she was a fast thinker and told them, to hurry on to Jordan, for they had just left. With that she saved the life of these two men. That accomplished she hid them on her roof among the roles of scarlet colored cloth bales which she produced for a living. We may say that this scarlet cloth represents that God's people can be hid in the blood of Christ away from the reach of sin. When she sent the spies away, she was told to hang a scarlet scarf out the upper window of her city wall home. She did that right away. We should act right away too when we hear the message that can save our life out of this world of sin, we should never delay such decisions for they allow the evil one to attack and cause people to forget quickly what they had passed up to do. It has cost salvation from this world of sin for many.
The day had come for Israel to cross the Jordan. Twelve priests would carry the `Ark of the Covenant' to its shore and by faith take a step into the water if they wanted to cross. Had they said, `Oh, we wait till the Lord dries up the water,' that miracle would never have happened. Likewise many miss out on miracles in their life because of lack of faith. We are to step out in faith right away so we will not be tempted with all the `why nows' and `why at all.'
When they stepped into the water, it ceased to flow and they walked once again on dry ground, like they did when crossing the Red Sea. Why is that important? When we are resolute in matters of faith, we will arrive clean, not muddied up by sin, on the other side.
May this help you to strengthen your faith in God who teaches us many, many great lessons in this book, the Bible, the Word of God. Oh, that some in Israel of today would heed these words.
Notes and References
[010] Comment: While work in brick is mentioned in particular that does not rule out that the Israelites also worked in rock and stone as may be indicated by the phrase "... in all manner of service ..." The latest opinions based on electron microscope studies of pyramid material from three sources is interpreted as a type of concrete for at least some of the stone material found in the great pyramids. [M.W. Barsoum, A. Ganguly, G. Hug (2006) "Microstructural Evidence of Reconstituted Limestone Blocks in the Great Pyramids of Egypt", Journal of the American Ceramic Society 89(12), 3788–3796.]
[012] Some see in the Bedouin figures of the tomb of Khnum-Hotep at Beni Hassan a representative group of the Israelites. That may be so only in a very general way in that desert travelers had characteristic appearances probably over many centuries and even millennia. See J. Hoffmeier, Out of Egypt in BAR, Jan, 2007, p. 30-41.
[015] How the faint echoes of the names of the 12 tribes of Israel left their mark in Egypt can best be seen by names such as Abu Roash/Reuben, Zayet el Aryan/Zebulon, Saqqara/Issachar, Dashur/Dan-Gad-Asher and Lisht/Naphthali, Exodus 1:7.
Moses himself was a miracle baby. He was born at a time when all new born boys were marked for death by Satanic powers personified by Pharaoh's law making. What comes around, goes around. Today we have very similar situations in the world. They are harbingers of the end of despotism and the coming reign of Christ.
[016] "When the fullness of the time was come, God sent forth His Son, . . . to redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons." Galatians 4:4, 5.
Jesus Christ's coming was foretold in Eden. When Adam and Eve first heard the promise, they looked for its speedy fulfillment. They joyfully welcomed their first-born son, hoping that he might be the Deliverer. But the fulfillment of the promise tarried. Those who first received it died without the sight. From the days of Enoch the promise was repeated through patriarchs and prophets, keeping alive the hope of His appearing, and yet He came not. The prophecy of Daniel revealed the time of His advent, but not all rightly interpreted the message. Century after century passed away; the voices of the prophets ceased. The hand of the oppressor was heavy upon Israel, and many were ready to exclaim, "The days are prolonged, and every vision faileth." Ezekiel 12:22.
But like the stars in the vast orbits of their appointed path, God's purposes know no haste and no delay. Through the symbols of the great darkness and the smoking furnace, God had revealed to Abraham the bondage of Israel in Egypt, and had declared that the time of their sojourning should be four hundred years. When the great clock of time pointed to that hour, Jesus was born in Bethlehem. "When the fullness of the time was come, God sent forth His Son." Providence had directed the movements of nations, and the tide of human impulse and influence, until the world was ripe for the coming of the Deliverer. The nations were united under one Roman government. The one language (Greek) was widely spoken, and was everywhere recognized as the language of literature. From all lands the Jews of the dispersion gathered to Jerusalem to the annual feasts. As these returned to the places of the start of their journey, they could spread throughout the world the tidings of the Messiah's coming.
At this time the systems of heathenism were losing their hold upon the people. Men were weary of pageant and fable. They longed for a religion that could satisfy the heart. While the light of truth seemed to have departed from among men, there were souls who were looking for light, and who were filled with perplexity and sorrow. They were thirsting for a knowledge of the living God, for some assurance of a life beyond the grave.
As the Jews had departed from God, faith had grown dim, and hope had well-nigh ceased to illuminate the future. So it is today in Israel. The words of the prophets were and are uncomprehended even today. To the masses of the people steeped in their false religions, death was a dread mystery; beyond was uncertainty and gloom. It was not alone the wailing of the mothers of Bethlehem, but the cry from the great heart of humanity, that was borne to the prophet across the centuries, - the voice heard in Ramah, "lamentation, and weeping, and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children, and would not be comforted, because they are not." Matthew 2:18. In "the region and shadow of death," men sat unsolaced. With longing eyes they looked for the coming of the Deliverer, when the darkness should be dispelled, and the mystery of the future should be made plain.
Outside of the Jewish nation, from where the three wise men came, there were men who foretold the appearance of a divine instructor. These men were seeking for truth while the Jews rejected so many of God's messengers, and to those men the Spirit of Inspiration was imparted. One after another, like stars in the darkened heavens, such teachers had arisen. Their words of prophecy had kindled hope in the hearts of thousands of the Gentile world.
For hundreds of years the Scriptures had been translated into the Greek language, then widely spoken throughout the Roman Empire. The Jews were scattered everywhere, and their expectation of the Messiah's coming was to some extent shared by the Gentiles. Among those whom the Jews styled heathen were men who had a better understanding of the Scripture prophecies concerning the Messiah than had the teachers in Israel. There were some who hoped for His coming as a deliverer from sin. Philosophers endeavored to study into the mystery of the Hebrew economy. But the bigotry of the Jews hindered the spread of the light. Intent on maintaining the separation between themselves and other nations, they were unwilling to impart the knowledge they still possessed concerning the symbolic service. The true Interpreter must come. The One whom all these types prefigured must explain their significance.
Through nature, through types and symbols, through patriarchs and prophets, God had spoken to the world. Lessons must be given to humanity in the language of humanity. The Messenger of the covenant must speak, Malachi 3:1. His voice must be heard in His own temple. Christ must come to utter words which should be clearly and definitely understood. He, the author of truth, must separate truth from the chaff of man's utterance, which had made it of no effect. The principles of God's government and the plan of redemption must be clearly defined. The lessons of the Old Testament must be fully set before men.
Among the Jews there were yet steadfast souls, descendants of that holy line through whom a knowledge of God had been preserved. These still looked for the hope of the promise made unto the fathers. They strengthened their faith by dwelling upon the assurance given through Moses, "A Prophet shall the Lord your God raise up unto you of your brethren, like unto me; Him shall ye hear in all things whatsoever He shall say unto you." Acts 3:22. Again, they read how the Lord would anoint One "to preach good tidings unto the meek," "to bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives," and to declare the "acceptable year of the Lord." Isaiah 61:1, 2. They read how He would "set judgment in the earth," how the isles should "wait for His law," how the Gentiles should come to His light, and kings to the brightness of His rising. Isaiah 42:4; 60:3.
The dying words of Jacob filled them with hope: "The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come." Genesis 49:10. The waning power of Israel testified that the Messiah's coming was at hand. The prophecy of Daniel pictured the glory of His reign over an empire which should succeed all earthly kingdoms; and, said the prophet, "It shall stand forever." Daniel 2:44. While few understood the nature of Christ's mission, there was a widespread expectation of a mighty prince who should establish his kingdom in Israel, and who should come as a deliverer to the nations.
The fullness of the time had come. Humanity, becoming more degraded through ages of transgression, called for the coming of the Redeemer. Satan had been working to make the gulf deep and impassable between earth and heaven. By his falsehoods he had emboldened men in sin. It was his purpose to wear out the forbearance of God, and to extinguish His love for man, so that He would abandon the world to satanic jurisdiction.
Satan was seeking to shut out from men a knowledge of God, to turn their attention from the temple of God, and to establish his own kingdom. His strife for supremacy had seemed to be almost wholly successful. It is true that in every generation God had His agencies. Even among the heathen there were men through whom Christ was working to uplift the people from their sin and degradation. But these men were despised and hated. Many of them suffered a violent death. The dark shadow that Satan had cast over the world grew deeper and deeper.
Through heathenism, Satan had for ages turned men away from God; but he won his great triumph in perverting the faith of Israel. By contemplating and worshiping their own conceptions, the heathen had lost a knowledge of God, and had become more and more corrupt. So it was with Israel. The principle that man can save himself by his own works lay at the foundation of every heathen religion; it had now become the principle of the Jewish religion. Satan had implanted this principle. Wherever it is held, men have no barrier against sin.
Today we find this strange return to heathenism and open defiance to the only true God, Creator of all we see. But this too was foretold by the prophets that it must happen in the time of the end of the 6000 year history of sin reigning on earth by prophets like Daniel and the Apostle John in Revelation.
The message of salvation is communicated to men through human agencies. But the Jews had sought to make a monopoly of the truth which is eternal life. They had hoarded the living manna, and it had turned to corruption, Ex. 16:21-28. The religion which they tried to shut up to themselves became an offense. They robbed God of His glory, and defrauded the world by a counterfeit of the gospel. They had refused to surrender themselves to God for the salvation of the world, and they became agents of Satan for its destruction.
The people whom God had called to be the pillar and ground of the truth had become representatives of Satan. If they would recognize the true faith God had given them today, per chance God might save many among them even now in this late hour in the history of sin on earth. But they were doing the work that Satan desired them to do, taking a course to misrepresent the character of God, and cause the world to look upon Him as a tyrant. The very priests who ministered in the temple had lost sight of the significance of the service they performed. They had ceased to look beyond the symbol to the thing signified. In presenting the sacrificial offerings they were as actors in a play. The ordinances which God Himself had appointed were made the means of blinding the mind and hardening the heart. God could do no more for man through these channels. The whole system must be swept away.
The deception of sin had reached its height. All the agencies for depraving the souls of men had been put in operation. The Son of God, looking upon the world, beheld suffering and misery. With pity He saw how men had become victims of satanic cruelty. He looked with compassion upon those who were being corrupted, murdered, and lost. They had chosen a ruler who chained them to his car as captives. Bewildered and deceived, they were moving on in gloomy procession toward eternal ruin,--to death in which is no hope of life, toward night to which comes no morning. Satanic agencies were incorporated with men. The bodies of human beings, made for the dwelling place of God, had become the habitation of demons. The senses, the nerves, the passions, the organs of men, were worked by supernatural agencies in the indulgence of the vilest lust. The very stamp of demons was impressed upon the countenances of men. Human faces reflected the expression of the legions of evil with which they were possessed. Such was the prospect upon which the world's Redeemer looked. What a spectacle for Infinite Purity to behold!
Sin had become a science, and vice was consecrated as a part of religion. Rebellion had struck its roots deep into the heart, and the hostility of man was most violent against heaven as it is today. It was demonstrated before the universe that, apart from God, humanity could not be uplifted. A new element of life and power must be imparted by Him who made the world. In Jewish times it was Christ's first coming, today it is His return as the Saviour of the world when He comes again with all the angels, all the hosts of heaven, in all the glory heaven displays to end the reign of sin and resurrect the dead and save His people.
In the days of the prophecied first coming of Christ, with intense interest the unfallen worlds had watched to see Jehovah arise, and sweep away the inhabitants of the earth. And if God should do this, Satan was ready to carry out his plan for securing to himself the allegiance of heavenly beings. He had declared that the principles of God's government make forgiveness impossible. Had the world been destroyed, he would have claimed that his accusations were proved true. He was ready to cast blame upon God, and to spread his rebellion to the worlds above. But instead of destroying the world, God sent His Son to save it. Though corruption and defiance might be seen in every part of the alien province, a way for its recovery was provided. At the very crisis, when Satan seemed about to triumph, the Son of God came with the embassage of divine grace. Through every age, through every hour, the love of God had been exercised toward the fallen race. Notwithstanding the perversity of men, the signals of mercy had been continually exhibited. And when the fullness of the time had come, the Deity was glorified by pouring upon the world a flood of healing grace that was never to be obstructed or withdrawn till the plan of salvation should be fulfilled.
Satan was exulting that he had succeeded in debasing the image of God in humanity. Then Jesus came to restore in man the image of his Maker. None but Christ can fashion anew the character that has been ruined by sin. He came to expel the demons that had controlled the will. He came to lift us up from the dust, to reshape the marred character after the pattern of His divine character, and to make it beautiful with His own glory.
Today Satan is working towards his goal to mislead and destroy as many as he can to rob them of promised life in heaven if they repent and obey God, the life Satan had to leave when sin was found in him. Why then do people follow sinful, yet religious appearing men's pronouncements instaed of those of God alone? That need not be but few are they who study out the reasons. You may do it here in the various titles.
[020] Samuel Sharpe, `The Early History of Egypt', London, 1836, p. 13.
[022] In later centuries when the life expectancy was shorter children were weaned by age three, like Samuel, 1.Sam. 2:23,24. In 2.Maccabeas 7:28, we learn that Israelite children were weaned by age three. - Reaching age five is a critical age. It means a child survived the many childhood diseases which plagued mankind even then, and they could at that time be considered heirs to their family.
[024] In 1.Sam. 6:6 it is Pharaoh himself who is hardening his heart. It depends on the element on which sunlight (truth) shines if it hardens or melts - ice melts, clay hardens.
[025] During their lengthy stay in Egypt, from ca. the 30th birthday of Joseph to the 80th year of Moses, the Israelites left pottery signs of their presence in the land of their sojourn. For more on this click Here!
[030] Israel traveled day and night until to the place of the parting of the sea, "And the LORD went before them by day in a pillar of a cloud, to lead them the way; and by night in a pillar of fire, to give them light; to go by day and night." Ex. 13:21. For more see with appropriate caution `http://www.wyattmuseum.com/red-sea-crossing.htm'.
[032] For a full page satelite color image of the Sinai peninsula showing also quite well Nuweiba Beach see BAR (`Biblical Archaeology Review'), July/August 1984, p. 56.
Other archaeologists take a view which they consider to be more cautious in the eyes of their peers, and look for the `Sea of Reeds' in the eastern Delta region where anciently swamps and canals were located. To us this view seems to ignore the description of wilderness found in the Book of Exodus. The path toward Gaza, the region where the Philistines lived, does not match the description found in the Bible. Moses was told to not travel through that area. In addition let us remember that Mt. Horeb/Sinai was were Moses hid from Pharaoh for 40 years. It fits hardly the northern desert fringe of the Sinai from the Nile Delta's region of Avaris to Gaza. We believe the Exodus was a much bolder undertaking of a people needing to get completely out of reach of Egypt's might and we believe that the land bridge at Nuweiba makes that location almost without question the true spot for the parting of the water.
Furthermore, we believe that Paul knew what he was talking about when he spoke of Mt. Sinai in Arabia. It is the same Arabia for Moses', Paul's and our time.
Another beach, the Merkhah Bay south of Abu Zeneimeh' (Zenima), is shown and referenced in W.F. Albright, `Exploring in Sinai with the University of California African Expedition' in BASOR, Feb 1948, p. 5-(10)-20. This beach is located on the Sinai side of the Gulf of Suez a few miles north of where the Wadi Feiran leaves the coast.
We believe the PBS movie, `Walking the Bible', knows only the traditional account of the route of the Exodus.
See also Alberto Siliotti, Guide to the Exploration of the Sinai, White Star Publishers, 2001; This book presents numerous photos of the Sinai's famous and beautiful sites, with too much on Gebel Musa, the traditional Mt. Sinai, and not enough on Nuweiba Beach, the site of the parting of the sea as presented here, no doubt because to consider Nuweiba as the point where the sea parted is quite new due to the apparent circumstance that no one, or not many, knew about the underwater land bridge.
[036] We believe that Mount Sinia in Arabia was in Saudi Arabia on the basis that during Old and Middle Kingdom (12th dynasty) times the Sinai Peninsula was prospected for its resources by the Egyptians. It was mostly their backyard. It was their source of turquoise, copper and many other minerals. In Sinai, the Israelites would probably not have been able to live in peace from Egyptian raids for 40 years, especially if one espouses the conventional scenario of this time belonging to the 18th Dynasty. These considerations, therefore, are strong reasons to realize that the Hyksos/ Amalekites began to rule over much of Egypt soon after their war with Israel in the region of Mt. Jebel al Lawz/ Sinai in Arabia.
[038] Red Sea in Hebrew is 
- 
, `yam šup' (pronounced yahm soof), and in Greek it is, `Erythra Thalassa.' - - Anciently the `Red Sea' was applied to the sea which led to Eilat as well as what we call today the Persian Gulf. That shows that the Red Sea was loosely known as the sea surrounding Arabia by land dwellers, even when it was surrounding Arabia in the east or the west.
What about, could the crossing have occurred across the Suez side of the peninsula of Sinai? We do not hold that view. It does not fit all the data. No one has ever been able to ascertain an actual location along those shores or investigated the underwater conditions. It presents problems with the nation of the Amalekites to have been in Sinai, a dry desert even in those days. It minimizes the power of God somewhat. It is a compromise to still get Israel to arrive at the old, traditional site of Mt. Sinai where there was not the plenty of space for all of Israel to congregate as required in the Word of God.
[040] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Bk. II, ch. XV, Sec. 3.
[050] The mountain peak does have a darkened appearance as if scorched by the `glory of God' (Ex. 19:18) according to visitors. We were informed that this appearance is not obvious when walking on the mountain top itself but only from a distance. We also learned that the Arabic word `lawz' means almonds, the `Mountain of Almonds'. We are not supposing that the `Mountain of the Law' is a translation of `Jebel el Lawz' but rather taken from Moses account. This `Almond' mountain may also help to understand the `rod of Aaron' that budded. [See the Aaronic Prayer in Numb. 6:24-26.]
[070] Hence their Semitic origin according to scholarly views. See Nina Jidejian, Tyre through the Ages, Beirut, 1969, p. 14, referencing T. Save-Soderbergh, `The Hyksos Rule in Egypt' in JEA, XXXVII, 1951, p. 53-71.
[090] Obviously the Amalekites must have come from a highly populated area. For them to get to the traditional Mt. Sinai they would have had to wander through the desolate, dry Sinai, just to do what? Find and fight Israel?
[100] Donald Redford, `Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times', Princeton, 1992, p. 102. (Emphasis ours)
[120] God's Law was proclaimed from Mt. Sinai in the presence of His heavenly Host -
("m'rebabah kadesh", `from holy myriads', (where the Hebr. letter `M' serves as a multiplier of thousands, namely myriads), that is `Myriads of holy angels' or as we read (v.2), "ten thousands of saints"(KJV), "myriads of holy ones" (NEB). This seems to be a play on words with Dt. 32:51 where the Hebrew is slightly different, reading , `Meribah-Kadesh, a physical location name in the Sinai area. Therefore, let us not be mistaken about a place name and a reference to the angels of the Lord, for the glory of God is a consuming fire to anything of sin but a benevolent light to His saints. Note: The Septuagint verifies the word `myriad' in Dt. 33:2 by using, "myriasin kadesh".
[145] Miriam, sister of Moses is well known for her song, the song of Miriam, Exodus 15:20-21a; A Dead Sea fragment contains what has been understood as a more complete Song of Miriam, it reads, "you despised [or: you plundered] . . .; for the triumph of . . .; You are great, a savior. . .; the hope of the enemy perishes and he is . . .; they perished in the mighty waters, the enemy . . .; and he exalted her to their heights ... you gave . . .; wor]king a triumph." (BAR, May 1994, p. 63.) Compare this with the prayer or song of Hannah, 1. Samuel 2:1-2.; and the prayer of Judith, Judith 16:6,7.
[150] God had led Israel out of Egypt, but Egypt was still in them - in particular in the mixed multitude. The experience of Israel following the Exodus is a lesson about what sin has done to man. Jeremiah would say later, "The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked: who can know it?" Jer. 17:9. Even though God is invisible to man now, he granted them the pillar of clouds by day and the pillar of fire at night as tokens of His presence. That, however, was not enough. They desired also the lasciviousness of idolatry and demanded that a golden calf be made for them to worship and dance around. Only shortly before that, they had heard the law of God spoken from Mt. Sinai, yet their selfish desires completely obscured clear thinking and reason and they dared to reject the God who had led them mightily to safety and destroyed their enemies before their eyes. That is what sin does. It puts up man's wishes before those of God. The result is suffering and separation from the protecting care of their Maker as it is still today. By drinking the water from the stream where the gold dust was spilled into, God showed them the utter worthlessness of the god they desired to worship.
[200] See Maxwell Blakeney, Did Christ Overrule Moses? in Adventist Review, July 26, 2007, p. 14-16.
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